Cartographies of Everyday Conflicts in Public Spaces. Informal Micro-activities on Formal Infrastructure. Carapungo Entry Park, Quito

Authors

Abstract

Through the understanding of cartography as an alternative representation tool, this paper researches the existing and usually invisible relationships between informal micro-activities and formal public spaces. For this purpose, Carapungo Entry Park located in the north of Quito (Ecuador), is taken as a case study, being a paradigmatic case of the complexity and multiplicity that constitutes informality in Latin American cities. After a first analysis based on the formal planning of this park, we will focus on dissident spatial practices carried out by inhabitants who occupy and appropriate a formal space. These situations of conflict originate spatial constructions based on spontaneity, fluidity, adaptability, movement, and temporality, which include local culture, economy, and social interaction. With the production of cartographies, the processes and activities generated by formal and informal vendors, passers-by, and public transport passengers, are made visible and analyzed. The expected results based on cartography as an alternative representation, are the presentation of relations of tensions, forces, conflicts, and negotiations that allow us to identify patterns, trends and behaviors that have no place in the supposed precision and rigor of the regulations in the formal planning of public space.

Keywords:

alternative representation, cartography, conflictive public space, informal practices, micro-activities, Quito (Ecuador)

Author Biographies

Ana Medina, Universidad de Las Americas

Dra. Arquitecta, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (España).

Directora Científica del Máster en Diseño Arquitectónico Avanzado y Docente Investigadora, Facultad de Arquitectura y Diseño, Decanato de Investigación y Vinculación, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.

Víctor Cano, The New School

Dr. Arquitecto, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (España).

Investigador postdoctoral en The New School Urban Research Group, The New School, Nueva York (EE.UU.)

References

Acosta, M. E. (2009). Políticas de vivienda en Ecuador desde la década de los 70: análisis, balance y aprendizajes [Master dissertation FLACSO Sede Ecuador]. https://repositorio.flacsoandes.edu.ec/handle/10469/892

Ball, J. (2002). Street vending: a survey of ideas and lessons for planners. American Planning Association.

Brikman, D. (2021). Localización diferencial, modos de habitar disimiles. Analizando la segregación desde la movilidad cotidiana. Revista INVI, 36(102), 80-108. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582021000200080

Cano-Ciborro, V. (2017). Gang urbanism: Subaltern bodies inhabiting suburbia. MONU, (27), 20-24.

Cano-Ciborro, V. (2021). Narraciones cartográficas: Arquitecturas desde el régimen sensible de la resistencia / Narratives from the sensitive regime of resistance. [Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid]. https://doi.org/10.20868/upm.thesis.66954

Certeau, M. d. (2011). The practice of everyday life (3rd edition). University of California Press.

Cobarrubias, S. & Pickles, J. (2009). Spacing movements: The turn to cartographies and mapping practices in contemporary social movements. In B. Warf & S. Arias (Eds.), The spatial turn: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 36-58). Routledge.

Connolly, P. (2009). Emilio Duhau y Angela Giglia. Las reglas del desorden: habitar la metrópoli. EURE, 35(105), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0250-71612009000200007

Córdoba, H., Cuervo, N., Cymbalista, R., Demoraes, F., Figueroa, Ó., Flórez, C., Fusco, W., Giroud, M., Gouëset, V., Guillon, M., Jaramillo González, S., Roux, G., Barreto Silva, H., Miret, N., Piron, M., Sáenz, H., Salazar, C., & Zioni, S. (2015). Movilidades y cambio urbano: Bogotá, Santiago y São Paulo. Universidad Externado de Colombia.

Corner, J. (2011). The agency of mapping: Speculation, critique and invention. In The Map Reader (pp. 89–101). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470979587.ch12

Cortés, J. M. (2008). Cartografías disidentes. In Cartografías disidentes (p. 10). Sociedad Estatal para la Acción Cultural Exterior de España, SEACEX.

Creswell, J. W. (2018). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.

Deleuze, G. (2005). Derrames: entre el capitalismo y la esquizofrenia. Cactus.

Deleuze, G. (2015). La subjetivación. Curso sobre Foucault tomo III. Cactus.

Duhau, E. (2013). La ciudad informal: ¿precariedad persistente o hábitat progresivo? In T. Bolívar & J. Erazo Espinoza (Eds.), Los lugares del hábitat y la inclusión (pp. 59–85). FLACSO.

Easterling, K. (2014). The action is the form. Victor Hugo’s TED Talk. Strelka Press.

Fortalecimiento de centralidades urbanas de Quito. Una estrategia de desarrollo urbano para el DMQ. (2009). Trama.

Fujita, M. & Krugman, P. (2004). La nueva geografía económica: Pasado, presente y futuro. Journal of Regional Research Investigaciones Regionales, (4), 177-206.

Grupo FARO. (2020). Una mirada al empleo informal en Quito. https://grupofaro.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Una-mirada-al-empleo-informal-en-Quito_compressed-1.pdf

Grupo FARO. (2022, January 10). En dos años la informalidad sumó 400.000 personas. Primicias. https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/economia/informalidad-suma-personas/

Guatumillo, M. A. M., Velasco, B. Z., Espinoza, E. B. C., & Morán, K. Z. (2021). La realidad del mercado informal de Quito en tiempos de pandemia COVID-19, 2020. Revista Publicando, 8(30), 47–56. https://doi.org/10.51528/rp.vol8.id2187

Hernández, F., Kellett, P., & Allen, L. K. (2009). Rethinking the informal city: Critical perspectives from Latin America. Berghahn Books.

Holston, J. (2012). Urbanizing citizenship contested spaces in Indian cities. Sage Publications.

Idrobo & Asociados. (2007). Estudio de demanda de transporte. Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, Innovar.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2022). Encuesta nacional de empleo, desempleo y subempleo (ENEMDU), enero 2022.

Kaijima, M., Stalder, L., & Iseki, Y. (2018). Architectural Ethnography. TOTO Publishing. https://jp.toto.com/publishing/detail/A0371_e.htm

Kamalipour, H. (2016). Forms of informality and adaptations in informal settlements. Archnet-IJAR, 10(3), 60–75.

Kamalipour, H. & Dovey, K. (2017). Informal/formal morphologies. In K. Dovey, E. Pafka, & R. Ristic (Eds.), Mapping urbanities morphologies, flows, possibilities (pp. 223–248). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315309170

Kamalipour, H. & Peimani, N. (2019). Negotiating space and visibility: Forms of informality in public space. Sustainability, 11(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174807

Laguerre, M. S. (1994). The informal city. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23540-7

Lutzoni, L. (2016). In-formalised urban space design. Rethinking the relationship between formal and informal. City, Territory and Architecture, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-016-0046-9

Martínez, L., Short, J. R., & Estrada, D. (2017). The urban informal economy: Street vendors in Cali, Colombia. Cities, 66, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.03.010

McFarlane, C. (2012). Rethinking informality: Politics, crisis, and the city. Planning Theory & Practice, 13(1), 89–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.649951

Medina, A. (2018). Toward a radical spatiality: Dissident architectural practices in contemporary occupations. Space and Culture, 24(1), 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331218793320

Municipio de Quito. (2021). Administración zonal Calderón. https://www.quito.gob.ec/index.php/administracion-zonales/administracion-calderon

Peimani, N. & Dovey, K. (2018). Motorcycle mobilities. In K. Dovey, E. Pafka, & M. Ristic (Eds.), Mapping urbanities: Morphologies, flows, possibilities (pp. 119–128). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315309163-7

Polakit, K. & Boontharm, D. (2008). Mobile vendors: Persistence of local culture in the changing global economy of Bangkok. In S. M. Opp. & L. C. Heberle (Eds.), Local sustainable urban development in a globalized world (pp. 175–202). Ashgate Publishing.

Ranciere, J. (2010). Dissensus. On politics and aesthetics. Continuum.

Roy, A. (2005). Urban informality: Toward an epistemology of planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360508976689

Roy, A. (2011). Slumdog cities: Rethinking subaltern urbanism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35(2), 223–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01051.x

Roy, A. & AlSayyad, N. (2003). Urban informality: Transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia (Transnational perspectives on space and place). Lexington Books.

Saha, D. (2016). Informal markets, livelihood and politics. Street vendors in urban India. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315543086

Segura, R. (2006). Segregación residencial, fronteras urbanas y movilidad territorial. Un acercamiento etnográfico. Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social. https://esnuestralaciudad.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/cuadernos9_Segura.pdf

Serrano Birhuett, C. M. (2016). Lugares de la memoria: producción social de territorialidades urbanas afroecuatorianas en Carapungo. [Master dissertation, FLACSO Ecuador].

Silva Arriola, L. (2010). Las reglas del desorden: habitar en la metrópoli. Revista INVI, 25(69), 189–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-83582010000200006

Simone, A. (2004). Ritornello: People as infrastructure. Urban Geography, 42(9), 1341–1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2021.1894397

Simonsen, K. (1991). The production of space. Henri Lefebvre. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, 74(1), 81-82. https://doi.org/10.2307/490789

Thrift, N. (2008). Non-representational theory. Space | politics | affect. Routledge.

Thrift, N. & Dewsbury, J. D. (2000). Dead geographies—And how to make them live. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 18(4), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1068/d1804ed

Varriale, A. (2014). Informal practices, formal regulations - Understanding informality as spatial dialectics. Advanced Engineering Forum, 11, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AEF.11.136

Yatmo, Y. A. (2008). Street vendors as ‘out of place’ urban elements. Journal of Urban Design, 13(3), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800802320889

Yeung, H. W. & Savage, V. R. (1996). Urban imagery and the main street of the nation: The legibility of Orchard road in the eyes of Singaporeans. Urban Studies, 33(3), 473–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989650011870

Zambrano, M. R., Gonzalez, M., Medina, A., & Acosta-Vargas, P. (2021). Modern architecture in the professional discourse: analysis of the Architectural Biennial of Quito’s 1976–92 archive using bipartite networks. Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, 37(3), 894-909. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqab061