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Earthquakes, democracy, and dictatorship in 20th century’s Chile
Abstract
In this article we argue that earthquakes are natural experiments that test the institutional and constitutional frameworks of the political system (whether democratic or not), both in relation to whether it is efficient enough to maintain public order and reconstruct the social order; or if, on the contrary, it requires extraordinary measures to lead the crisis. Using primary and secondary sources, we inquire into the political events that followed the earthquakes of 1939, 1960 (both under the democratic Constitution of 1925) and 1985 (under the authoritarian Constitution of 1980). Our results show that, in democracy, the political temptation to resort to extraordinary measures, represented in the renunciation of civilian control of the affected areas and their transfer to military forces, is relatively high, while in dictatorship a decisive consistency is appreciated by the extralegality of the regime.Keywords:
Civil power, Armed Forces, Democracy, Natural disasters, Social order, LegitimationReferences
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Beck, S., Barrientos, S., Kausel, E., y Reyes, M. (1998). Source characteristics of historic earthquakes along the central Chile subduction zone. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 11, 2.
Carvajal, D. (2011). Institucionalidad nacional y la catástro-fe de Chillán. Tesis de Magister en Desarrollo Urbano. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Castle, W. (2015). The argument for a new and flexi-ble authorization for the use of military force. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 38(2), 509–546.
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Cisternas, M., Atwater, B.F., Torrejón, F., Sawai, Y., Machuca, G., Lagos, M., Eipert, A., Youlton, C., Salgado, I., Kamataki, T., Shishikura, M., Ra-jendran, C.P., Malik, J.K., Rizal, Y., Husni, M. (2005). Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake. Nature 437, 404–407.
Collier, S. y Sater, W. (1999). Historia de Chile 1808-1994. Madrid: Cambridge University Press.
Correa, S. (2008). Historia del siglo XX chileno. Santiago: Ediciones B.
Correa, S. (2015). Los procesos constituyentes en la historia de Chile: lecciones para el presente. Estudios Públicos 137, 43–85.
Cristi, R. (2014). El pensamiento político de Jaime Guzmán. Una biografía intelectual. Santiago: LOM.
De la Cuadra, J. (1957). Prolegómenos a la sociología y bosquejo de la evolución de Chile desde 1920. Santiago: Editorial Jurídica de Chile.
De Smet, H., Lagadec, P. y Leysen, J. (2012). Disasters out of the box: a new ballgame? Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 20(3), 138–148.
Dunning, T. (2012). Natural experiments in the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dussaillant, F. y Guzmán, E. (2014). Trust via disas-ters: the case of Chile’s 2010 earthquake. Disasters 38(4), 808–832.
Ensalaco, M. (1995). Military prerogatives and the Stalemate of Chilean civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society 21(2), 255–270.
Gross, O. (2017). Unresolved legal questions con-cerning operation inherent resolve. Texas International Law Journal 52(2), 221–253.
Gross, O. y Ní Aoláin, F. (2006). Law in times of crisis. Emergency powers in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harberber, A. (1984). La crisis cambiaria chilena de 1982. Cuadernos de Economía 21(63), 123–136.
Huneeus, C. (2009). La Guerra Fría Chilena. Gabriel González Videla y la Ley Maldita. Santiago: Random House Mondadori.
Lagos, R. (2011). Terremotos: ¿Una oportunidad para avanzar la agenda de cada gobierno? Revista Anales, 1, 58–75.
Loveman, B. (1994). ‘Protected democracies’ and military guardianship: political transitions in Latin America, 1978-1993. Journal of Interamerican Studies & World Affairs 36(2), 105–189.
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Moernaut, J., Van Daele, M., Fontijn, K., Heirman, K., Kempf, P., Pino, M. Valdebenito, G., Urrutia, R., Strasser, M., De Batist, M. (2018). Larger earthquakes recur more periodically: new in-sights in the megathrust earthquake cycle from lacustrine turbidite records in south-central Chile. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 418.
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Moscoso, P. (1983). Historia de un año de protesta. In: S. Correa et al. (2008), Historia del siglo veinte chileno (pp. 401–464). Santiago: Ediciones B.
Nazer, R. (2016). La Corporación de Fomento a la Producción y la modernización económica de Chile. Revista de Gestión Pública 5(2), 283–316.
Onetto, M. (2018). Discursos sobre la catástrofe. Prensa, solidaridad y urgencia en Chile, 1906-2010. Santiago: Acto.
Palmer, D. (1993). Democracy vs. national security: civil-military relations in Latin America. Armed Forces & Society 19(4), 641–642.
Poli, P., Maksymowicz, A., y Ruiz, S. (2017). The Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake (Chile): preseismic and postseismic activity associated with hydrated slab structures. Geology 45(3); 247-250
Rojas, C. (2018). Valdivia 1960. Entre aguas y escombros. Valdivia: UACh.
Ruiz, S. y Madariaga, R. (2018). Historical and recent large megathrust earthquakes in Chile. Techtonophysics 733, 37–56.
Santibáñez, I., Cembrano, J., García-Pérez, T., Costa, C., Yáñez, G., Marquardt, C., Arancibia, G., González, G. (2019). Crustal faults in the Chile-an Andes: geological constraints and seismic potential. Andean Geology 46(1): 32-65
Scheffer, M. (2009). Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Schonhaut, L. (2013). Terremotos, solidaridad y mo-vilización nacional. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 84(1), 20-25.
Sewell, W.H. (2005). Logics of history. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Silbergleit, V. y Prezzi, C. (2012). Statistics of major Chilean earthquakes recurrence. Natural Hazards 62, 445–458.
Silva B. y Riquelme, A. (2018). Una identidad terremotea-da. Comunidad y territorios en el Chile de 1960. Santiago: Universidad Alberto Hurtado.
Urrutia, R. y Lanza, C. (1993). Catástrofes en Chile 1541-1992. Santiago: La Noria.
Venturino, A. (1927). Sociología primitiva chilenoindiana. Con comparaciones mayas, aztecas e incaicas. Santiago: Cervantes.
Arteaga, C. y Tapia, R. (eds.) (2015). Vulnerabilidades y desastres socionaturales. Experiencias recientes en Chile. Santiago: Universitaria.
Barrientos, S. (2005). Giant returns in time. Nature 437, 329.
Beck, S., Barrientos, S., Kausel, E., y Reyes, M. (1998). Source characteristics of historic earthquakes along the central Chile subduction zone. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 11, 2.
Carvajal, D. (2011). Institucionalidad nacional y la catástro-fe de Chillán. Tesis de Magister en Desarrollo Urbano. Santiago: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Castle, W. (2015). The argument for a new and flexi-ble authorization for the use of military force. Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 38(2), 509–546.
Cereceda, P. Errázuriz, A.M., y Lagos, M. (2017). Terremotos y tsunamis en Chile. Santiago: Origo.
Cisternas, M., Atwater, B.F., Torrejón, F., Sawai, Y., Machuca, G., Lagos, M., Eipert, A., Youlton, C., Salgado, I., Kamataki, T., Shishikura, M., Ra-jendran, C.P., Malik, J.K., Rizal, Y., Husni, M. (2005). Predecessors of the giant 1960 Chile earthquake. Nature 437, 404–407.
Collier, S. y Sater, W. (1999). Historia de Chile 1808-1994. Madrid: Cambridge University Press.
Correa, S. (2008). Historia del siglo XX chileno. Santiago: Ediciones B.
Correa, S. (2015). Los procesos constituyentes en la historia de Chile: lecciones para el presente. Estudios Públicos 137, 43–85.
Cristi, R. (2014). El pensamiento político de Jaime Guzmán. Una biografía intelectual. Santiago: LOM.
De la Cuadra, J. (1957). Prolegómenos a la sociología y bosquejo de la evolución de Chile desde 1920. Santiago: Editorial Jurídica de Chile.
De Smet, H., Lagadec, P. y Leysen, J. (2012). Disasters out of the box: a new ballgame? Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management 20(3), 138–148.
Dunning, T. (2012). Natural experiments in the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dussaillant, F. y Guzmán, E. (2014). Trust via disas-ters: the case of Chile’s 2010 earthquake. Disasters 38(4), 808–832.
Ensalaco, M. (1995). Military prerogatives and the Stalemate of Chilean civil-military relations. Armed Forces & Society 21(2), 255–270.
Gross, O. (2017). Unresolved legal questions con-cerning operation inherent resolve. Texas International Law Journal 52(2), 221–253.
Gross, O. y Ní Aoláin, F. (2006). Law in times of crisis. Emergency powers in theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Harberber, A. (1984). La crisis cambiaria chilena de 1982. Cuadernos de Economía 21(63), 123–136.
Huneeus, C. (2009). La Guerra Fría Chilena. Gabriel González Videla y la Ley Maldita. Santiago: Random House Mondadori.
Lagos, R. (2011). Terremotos: ¿Una oportunidad para avanzar la agenda de cada gobierno? Revista Anales, 1, 58–75.
Loveman, B. (1994). ‘Protected democracies’ and military guardianship: political transitions in Latin America, 1978-1993. Journal of Interamerican Studies & World Affairs 36(2), 105–189.
Loveman, B. y Lira, E. (comp.). (2002). Arquitectura política y seguridad interior del Estado. Chile, 1811-1990. Santiago: DIBAM/LOM.
Luhmann, N. (1990). Meaning as sociology’s basic concept. In: Essays on self-reference (pp. 21–79). New York: Columbia University Press.
Luhmann, N. (2013). Macht im System. Fankfurt aM: Suhrkamp.
Moernaut, J., Van Daele, M., Fontijn, K., Heirman, K., Kempf, P., Pino, M. Valdebenito, G., Urrutia, R., Strasser, M., De Batist, M. (2018). Larger earthquakes recur more periodically: new in-sights in the megathrust earthquake cycle from lacustrine turbidite records in south-central Chile. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 418.
Moreno, M., Li, S., Melnick, D., Bedford, J.R., Baez, J.C., Motagh, M., Metzger, S., Vajedian, S. Sippl, C., Gutknecht, B.D., Contreras-Reyes, E., Deng, Z., Tassara, A., y Oncken, O. (2018). Chilean megathrust earthquake recurrence linked to fric-tional contrast at depth. Nature Geoscience 11, 285–290.
Moscoso, P. (1983). Historia de un año de protesta. In: S. Correa et al. (2008), Historia del siglo veinte chileno (pp. 401–464). Santiago: Ediciones B.
Nazer, R. (2016). La Corporación de Fomento a la Producción y la modernización económica de Chile. Revista de Gestión Pública 5(2), 283–316.
Onetto, M. (2018). Discursos sobre la catástrofe. Prensa, solidaridad y urgencia en Chile, 1906-2010. Santiago: Acto.
Palmer, D. (1993). Democracy vs. national security: civil-military relations in Latin America. Armed Forces & Society 19(4), 641–642.
Poli, P., Maksymowicz, A., y Ruiz, S. (2017). The Mw 8.3 Illapel earthquake (Chile): preseismic and postseismic activity associated with hydrated slab structures. Geology 45(3); 247-250
Rojas, C. (2018). Valdivia 1960. Entre aguas y escombros. Valdivia: UACh.
Ruiz, S. y Madariaga, R. (2018). Historical and recent large megathrust earthquakes in Chile. Techtonophysics 733, 37–56.
Santibáñez, I., Cembrano, J., García-Pérez, T., Costa, C., Yáñez, G., Marquardt, C., Arancibia, G., González, G. (2019). Crustal faults in the Chile-an Andes: geological constraints and seismic potential. Andean Geology 46(1): 32-65
Scheffer, M. (2009). Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.
Schonhaut, L. (2013). Terremotos, solidaridad y mo-vilización nacional. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 84(1), 20-25.
Sewell, W.H. (2005). Logics of history. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Silbergleit, V. y Prezzi, C. (2012). Statistics of major Chilean earthquakes recurrence. Natural Hazards 62, 445–458.
Silva B. y Riquelme, A. (2018). Una identidad terremotea-da. Comunidad y territorios en el Chile de 1960. Santiago: Universidad Alberto Hurtado.
Urrutia, R. y Lanza, C. (1993). Catástrofes en Chile 1541-1992. Santiago: La Noria.
Venturino, A. (1927). Sociología primitiva chilenoindiana. Con comparaciones mayas, aztecas e incaicas. Santiago: Cervantes.
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