Household Screening of the Depressive Symptomatology in Aracaju (Sergipe, Brazil)
Authors
-
Daiane Nunes
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8680-0206
-
Mariana Siqueira Menezes
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-5014
-
André Faro
Universidade Federal de Sergipe
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-6297
Abstract
This study aimed to perform a screening of depressive symptomatology in Aracaju (Sergipe, Brazil) and to estimate the chances of depression from the social distribution of the sample profile. The instruments used were a clinical and sociodemographic questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory, second edition (BDI-II). The sample was composed of 693 subjects through household data collection. In addition to descriptive analysis, binomial and multinomial logistic regressions analysis were conducted, and the dependent variables were the presence of significant depressive symptoms and the severity levels of the depression in the BDI-II. The explanatory variables were those related to the sociodemographic and clinic sample profiles. The main results were that more than one third of the subjects showed significant depressive symptomatology. Geographic region, sex, chronic disease, age group, and BMI affected the chances of belonging to the group with positive depression diagnosis. Education, work occupation, chronic disease and BMI presented greater effect on the levels of severity of symptoms. Finally, findings are discussed to map the vulnerability to depression in order to reduce underdiagnoses and delays in starting appropriate psychological and psychiatric treatments.
Keywords:
depression, survey, screening, household sampling, BDI-IIReferences
Agerup, T., Lydersen, S., Wallander, J., & Sund, A. M. (2015). Associations between parental attachment and course of depression between adolescence and young adulthood. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(4), 632-642. http://dx.doi.org/0.1007/s10578-014-0506-y
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, District of Columbia: APA.
Aragão, J. A., Andrade, M. L., Mota, M. I. A., de Sant’Anna, M. E. C., & Aragão, F. P. R. (2014). Ocorrência de sintomas depressivos em médicos que trabalham no programa de saúde da família. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 63(4), 341-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000043
Assari, S. (2019). Race, depression, and financial distress in a nationally representative sample of American adults. Brain Sciences, 9(2), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9020029
Barros, M. B. D. A., Lima, M. G., Azevedo, R. C. S. D., Medina, L. B. D. P., Lopes, C. D. S., Menezes, P. R., & Malta, D. C. (2017). Depressão e comportamentos de saúde em adultos brasileiros–PNS 2013. Revista de Saúde Pública, 51(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/gbj5xm
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, Texas: Psychological Corporation.
Benning, S. D. & Ait Oumeziane, B. (2017). Reduced positive emotion and underarousal are uniquely associated with subclinical depression symptoms: Evidence from psychophysiology, self‐report, and symptom clusters. Psychophysiology, 54(7), 1010-1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12853
Bessette, K. L., Karstens, A. J., Crane, N. A., Peters, A. T., Stange, J. P., Elverman, K. H., ... & Langenecker, S. A. (2020). A lifespan model of interference resolution and inhibitory control: Risk for depression and changes with illness progression. Neuropsychology Review, 30(4), 477-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09424-5
Cho, Y., Lim, T. H., Kang, H., Lee, Y., Lee, H., & Kim, H. (2019). Socioeconomic status and depression as combined risk factors for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based study of 2.7 million Korean adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 121, 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.01.016
CID-11-Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde. 11ª Revisão. Versão 2018. Recuperado de https://icd.who.int/
Coelho, C. L. S., Crippa, J. A. S., Santos, J. L. F., Pinsky, I., Zaleski, M., Caetano, R., & Laranjeira, R. (2013). Higher prevalence of major depressive symptoms in Brazilians aged 14 and older. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 35, 142–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2012-0875
Costa, E. F. O., Santana, Y. S., Santos, A. T. R. A., Martins, L. A. N., Melo, E. V., & Andrade, T. M. (2012). Sintomas depressivos entre internos de medicina em uma universidade pública brasileira. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 58(1), 53-59. https://doi.org/f2f366
Cunha, D. M. M., Anjos, T. S., Gois, C. F. L, Mattos, M. C. T., Carvalho, L. V., Carvalho, J., ... & Rodriguez, E. O. L. (2016). Depressive symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 34(2), 323-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v34n2a12
De Wit, L., Luppino, F., Van Straten, A., Penninx, B., Zitman, F., & Cuijpers, P. (2010). Depression and obesity: A meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 230-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.015
Demir, Y. & Kutlu, M. (2016). The relationship between loneliness and depression: Mediation role of internet addiction. Educational Process: International Journal, 5(2), 97-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/edupij.2016.52.1
Dindo, L. N., Recober, A., Haddad, R., & Calarge, C. A. (2017). Comorbidity of migraine, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 528-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-016-9620-5
Enoki, H., Koda, M., Nishimura, S., & Kondo, T. (2019). Effects of attitudes towards ambiguity on subclinical depression and anxiety in healthy individuals. Health Psychology Open, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102919840619
Farina, F. R., Barry, T. J., Van Damme, I., Van Hie, T., & Raes, F. (2019). Depression diagnoses, but not individual differences in depression symptoms, are associated with reduced autobiographical memory specificity. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(2), 173-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12207
Faro, A. & Pereira, C. R. (2020). Factor structure and gender invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory–second edition (BDI-II) in a community-dwelling sample of adults. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 8(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2020.1715222
Ferrari, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Patten, S. B., Freedman, G., Murray, C. J., ... & Whiteford, H. A. (2013). Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS Medicine, 10(11), 1-12. https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547
Georgi, H. S., Vlckova, K. H., Lukavsky, J., Kopecek, M., & Bares, M. (2019). Beck Depression Inventory-II: Self-report or interview-based administrations show different results in older persons. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(5), 735-742. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218001187
Gomes-Oliveira, M. H., Gorenstein, C., Lotufo Neto, F., Andrade, L. H., & Wang, Y. P. (2012). Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a community sample. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 34(4), 389-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbp.2012.03.005
Gonçalves, D. A., Mari, J. J., Bower, P. Gask, L. Dowrick, C., Tófoli, L. F., … & Fortes, S. (2014). Brazilian multicentre study of common mental disorders in primary care: Rates and related social and demographic factors. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 30(3), 623-632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00158412
Gonçalves, V. C. & Andrade, K. L. (2010). Prevalência de depressão em idosos atendidos em ambulatório de geriatria da região nordeste do Brasil (São Luís-MA). Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 13(2), 289-299. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3PWBP4i
Green, T., Flash, S., & Reiss, A. L. (2019). Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: What we can learn from sex chromosome aneuploidies. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(1), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0153-2
Hakulinen, C., Musliner, K. L., & Agerbo, E. (2019). Bipolar disorder and depression in early adulthood and long‐term employment, income, and educational attainment: A nationwide cohort study of 2,390,127 individuals. Depression and Anxiety, 36(11), 1080-1088. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22956
Hasin, D. S., Sarvet, A. L., Meyers, J. L., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Stohl, M., & Grant, B. F. (2018). Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(4), 336-346. https://doi.org/ggs69d
Hyde, J. S. & Mezulis, A. H. (2020). Gender differences in depression: Biological, affective, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 4-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000230
Jardim, S. (2011). Depressão e trabalho: ruptura de laço social. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Ocupacional, 36 (123), 84-92. https://doi.org/jq8m
Leite, I. D. C., Valente, J. G., Schramm, J. M. D. A., Daumas, R. P., Rodrigues, R. D. N., Santos, M. D. F., ... & Mota, J. C. D. (2015). Carga de doença no Brasil e suas regiões, 2008. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 31, 1551-1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00111614
LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., Tracy, A., Hoffmeister, J. A., Ip, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2019). Meta-analysis: Exposure to early life stress and risk for depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.10.011
Li, H., Ge, S., Greene, B., & Dunbar-Jacob, J. (2019). Depression in the context of chronic diseases in the United States and China. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 6(1), 117-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2018.11.007
Lim, S. U., Lee, E. H., Hwang, S. T., Hong, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2019). The Beck Depression Inventory-II: Psychometric properties in Korean adult populations. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 300-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2019.38.3.003
Lotfaliany, M., Bowe, S. J., Kowal, P., Orellana, L., Berk, M., & Mohebbi, M. (2018). Depression and chronic diseases: Co-occurrence and communality of risk factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 461-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.011
Martikainen, P., Adda, J., Ferrie, J. E., Smith, G. D., & Marmot, M. (2003). Effects of income and wealth on GHQ depression and poor self rated health in white collar women and men in the Whitehall II study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(9), 718-723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.57.9.718
Oliveira, D. C., Silva, M. L., Soares, F., Sampaio, S. C., Bittencourt, F. O., & Duarte, S. F. P. (2017). Avaliação da depressão em funcionários de uma instituição de ensino superior particular em Vitória da Conquista–BA. Id on Line Revista de Psicologia, 11(35), 392-404. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3joGW0N
Oram, S., Khalifeh, H., & Howard, L. M. (2017). Violence against women and mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(2), 159-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30261-9
Paranhos, M. E., De Lima Argimon, I. I., & Werlang, B. S. G. (2010). Propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Depressão de Beck–II (BDI–II) em adolescentes. Avaliação Psicológica, 9(3), 383-392. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3YLVMP7
Prefeitura Municipal de Aracaju. (2015). Plano diretor de desenvolvimento urbano de Aracaju – diagnóstico municipal. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/3YNA1hW
Puhl, R. M., Himmelstein, M. S., & Pearl, R. L. (2020). Weight stigma as a psychosocial contributor to obesity. American Psychologist, 75(2), 274-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000538
Ramos, L. B., Santana, C. N., Araújo, L. L., Jesus, G. P., Gois, C. F., Santos, F. L., ... & Santos, E.F. (2017). Qualidade de vida, depressão e adesão ao tratamento de pessoas com diabetes. Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Saúde, 21(3), 261-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.4034/RBCS.2017.21.03.10
Rodríguez, M. R., Nuevo, R., Chatterji, S., & Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. (2012). Definitions and factors associated with subthreshold depressive conditions: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-181
Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783-822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102
Santos, E. B., Quintans Junior, L. J. Q., Fraga, B. P., Macieira, J. C. & Bonjardim, L. R. (2012). Avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão em fibromiálgicos. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 46(3), 590-596. https://bit.ly/3hYlVtk
Shin, C., Kim, Y., Park, S., Yoon, S., Ko, Y. H., Kim, Y. K., ... & Han, C. (2017). Prevalence and associated factors of depression in general population of Korea: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 32(11), 1861-1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2017.32.11.1861
Shors, T. J., Millon, E. M., Chang, H. Y. M., Olson, R. L., & Alderman, B. L. (2017). Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression? Journal of Neuroscience Research, 95(1-2), 711-718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23976
Verbeek, T., Bockting, C. L., Beijers, C., Meijer, J. L., van Pampus, M. G., & Burger, H. (2019). Low socioeconomic status increases effects of negative life events on antenatal anxiety and depression. Women and Birth, 32(1), 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.05.005
Verhallen, A. M., Renken, R. J., Marsman, J. B. C., & Ter Horst, G. J. (2019). Romantic relationship breakup: An experimental model to study effects of stress on depression (-like) symptoms. PloS One, 14(5), e0217320. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217320
Voderholzer, U., Hessler-Kaufmann, J. B., Lustig, L., & Läge, D. (2019). Comparing severity and qualitative facets of depression between eating disorders and depressive disorders: Analysis of routine data. Journal of Affective Disorders, 257, 758-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.029
Vos, T., Allen, C., Arora, M., Barber, R. M., Bhutta, Z. A., Brown, A., ... & Coggeshall, M. (2016). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 388(10053), 1545-1602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
Walker, E. R. & Druss, B. G. (2017). Cumulative burden of comorbid mental disorders, substance use disorders, chronic medical conditions, and poverty on health among adults in the USA. Psychology, health & medicine, 22(6), 727-735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1227855
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Widiana, H. S., Simpson, K., & Manderson, L. (2018). Cultural expressions of depression and the development of the Indonesian Depression Checklist. Transcultural Psychiatry, 55(3), 339-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461518764491
Wu, Y. K. & Berry, D. C. (2018). Impact of weight stigma on physiological and psychological health outcomes for overweight and obese adults: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(5), 1030-1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jan.13511
Twitter